The Monkey Wrench Gang The Law breaking Heroes Essays

The Monkey Wrench Gang: The Law breaking Heroes nbsp; Everyone knows that breaking the law is bad and anybody who does is a criminal, but Edward Abbey author of The Monkey Wrench Gang (1975), puts a twist on those thoughts. The Monkey Wrench Gang is an adventurous novel about a gang of environmentalists who set out to destroy bulldozers, bridges, cars, trains, signs or anything that is destroying their beautiful country, the American southwest. Through characterization and description Edward Abbey glorifies the art of law breaking and leaves his readers rooting for his heroic criminals. nbsp; In the Monkey Wrench Gang there are four main characters: Bonnie Abbzug, Doc Sarvis, Seldom Seen Smith and George Hayduke. As†¦show more content†¦Seldom is a Mormon with three wives that he seldom sees, hence his name. Seldom is a professional guide, wilderness outfitter, boatman and packer whos business went down hill when the freely flowing Colorado River was stopped by a dam, the dam which had plugged up Glen Canyon, the heart of his river, the river of his heart (63). Every time Seldom passes over the Glen Canyon dam he prays for a little old pre-cision-type earthquake to free his trapped river (33). nbsp; In The Monkey Wrench Gang, Abbey is able to tap into the readers thoughts by presenting the characters persuasive opinions. All of Abbeys characters are very strong believers in the survival of the desert and its inhabitants and they risk their lives several times just to keep it alive. All this fantastic effort- giant machines, road networks, strip mines, . . .high-voltage power lines; the devastation of the landscape, the destruction of Indian homes . . . Indian burial grounds; the poisoning of the last big clean-air reservoir in the forty-eight contiguous United States, the exhaustion of precious water supplies-all that ball-breaking labor and all that back-breaking expense and all that heartbreaking insult to land and sky and human heart, for what? All for what? Doc- (160). nbsp; Down below the metal monsters roared, bouncing on rubber through the cut in the ridge, dumping their loads and thundering up the hill for more. The green beasts of Bucyrus,Show MoreRelatedExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 PagesPhoto: S.I.N./Corbis ECS8C_C01.qxd 22/10/2007 11:54 Page 606 606 MINISTRY OF SOUND with no links to the local drugs gangs. He even hired a psychoanalyst to cope with the gangland threats that followed his drugs crack-down: If they say ‘we’re going to kill you’, you know what you’re up against. But the threats [from London’s East End drugs gangs] are much more sinister. The word is fed back that if the business is cut off, they will follow you home, go for your family, stab you

The process of developing and designing products Free Essays

The process of developing and designing products has taken a sharp change in the last couple of years. Companies are being pushed by demanding global customers and are being challenged by rapid change of technology. Manufacturers have had to increase the speed of design cycles while at the same time cut the cost of development and manufacture. We will write a custom essay sample on The process of developing and designing products or any similar topic only for you Order Now They must ensure the product takes full advantage of the latest and best technology. Leading companies have found that obstacles in the market today are far too rigorous to overcome on their own. This process of design and development of products has never been so competitive and daunting. However, it is more critical for future success. The Success of modern day companies is due to help from a resource that has been present since the early days of the company. The answer is suppliers. In some industries suppliers are taking on responsibility for designing parts, components, materials, assemblies, and even complete systems for automobiles, computers and other products. Leading manufacturers are using their supply bases as a key element of their product design strategies, and it’s paying off in a big way. In other words the old saw â€Å"Slow and sure wins the race† no longer holds. Speed is competitive edge today s business needs to succeed. Including suppliers in the manufacturing process adds to the clock-speed of a company. The Honda Motor Company is one such company that has recognized this need for speed and has thus adjusted its production to accommodate. The Honda Motor Company is one of the world s most well known producers of motor vehicles. The Company itself is based in Japan, but it had branches all over the world. From a simple start, Honda has grown to one of the world s most successful motoring companies, selling products in almost 200 countries. Honda has set new standards in vehicle production and design. From the Civic to ongoing participation in automotive racing, Honda s spirit of challenge and commitment forms the basis for every Honda project. Honda’s new â€Å"world platform† strategy will produce four variants of the new mid-size Accord platform. Honda s Research and development team found that the easiest way of producing their most popular make of car, the Accord, was to produce a world platform. This platform is an Accord chassis around which different accord bodies are built. For example; The Accord built for America will be larger than the one built in Japan because there is a market for larger cars. The one built in Europe will narrower so that it may compete with other cars on the European market. Essentially the Accord platform is universal. The car s appearance changes due to its location around the world. Accords will be produced in 11 and sold in 100 countries. How to cite The process of developing and designing products, Essay examples

Challenge For Developing Ethical Leadership -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Challenge For Developing Ethical Leadership? Answer: Introduction Agile leaders are characterized by the democratic, inclusive, and openness towards innovations. According to Anthony (2012), the agile leaders are more likely keen in exploring and learning innovative functionalities and developing the strong ability skills of the associated workforce. In todays world, the advancements brought to the business scenario are responsible for emerging innovations. Therefore, the leaders often face the strategic challenges to cope with such competitive landscape and lead the workforce for achieving excellence. The study would concentrate on the strategic challenges faced by Singapore Airlines. The study would also discuss the leadership practices to mitigate the issues and present a development plan for increasing leadership agility. Furthermore, the study would reflect on developing leadership agility for obtaining the future achievements. Organisational Leadership Case Study: Description of the identified strategic challenges Singapore Airlines has captured the leading position in the international market due to the ever growing business excellence and commendable airline services. The company is focusing on the rapid innovations and becoming adaptive changes. However, it has been observed that the profit level of Singapore Airline has steadily dropped over past few years. It is observed that the intensifying competition and over challenging market scenario are responsible for such sudden decline in profit level. In the quarter of the year 2014, the profit rates were again down. The record follows almost 52% drop in the operating profits to SGD39 million, which is nearly US$31 million (The Straits Times. 2017). However, the excellence of the business management leaders helped the company to increase the profit level by adopting the preferable strategies. However, again on 2017, it is reported that the Singapore Airlines published a crushing set of the financial statement. This financial status reflects th at the company experienced the loss of $138 million for the most recent quarter (Centreforaviation.com. 2014). The rapidly growing competitiveness in the global business scenario is posing such challenges due to which it has become necessary for the business leaders to modify the strategic values. In order to mitigate the issues with the strategic development, the leaders play the most significant role. Adopting the skilled leadership practices can be much fruitful in such context. In order to remain fit for future purpose, it is essential for the business leaders to develop the personal insights that would help in becoming an efficient leader. The continuous development in the competitive scenario is persuading the company to adopt more innovative methods that would be helpful in structuring the business functionalities. In spite of the efficiency maintained in the innovative practices, the company is continuously struggling with the higher competition with the market. For instance, the major competitors, such as Thai Airways and Garuda, have taken the further steps to remain proactive in this competitive scenario. The American carriers and these regional players are introducing the most effective digital innovations for the betterment of the customer services. On the contrary, business leaders of Singapore Airlines are struggling to train the employees for utilizing the advanced d igital technologies. These challenges are considered as the potential threats to survive for a longer time in this competitive scenario. The Current Leadership Agility in Singapore Airlines According to McKenzie and Aitken (2012), agile leaders are much focused on fulfilling the needs of others by acknowledging others perspectives. They tend to concentrate on achieving the business goals by improving the competency level of the associated workers. It has been observed that the business leaders of Singapore Airline are following the transformational leadership style, which prioritizes the needs of the individuals. The managers think that the success of the company depends on the efforts provided by every individual working under this company. The agile attributes of the leaders is completely visible in the leadership practices undertaken by the business leaders of Singapore Airlines. The leaders perceive that the shared enthusiasm and perseverance of the staffs are contributing towards improving the customer experience. However, in spite of the flexibility maintained in the leadership practices in Singapore Airlines, there is the lack of shared knowledge. The workforce is facing challenges in operating the innovative technologies due to which the company is lacking the technological skills to participate in the market competition. An agile leader needs to create the learning scenario and drives as well as sustains innovation within the organization (Chatman et al. 2014). The leaders are responsible towards developing the workforce talents and direct them to accomplish the organisational goals. These leaders have the stronger ability to maintain communication transparency for sharing visions and inspiring others to ensure productive outcome (Nowak 2012). There are 12 major practices that an agile leader adopts in order to ensure the productive outcome and to deal with the emerging challenges. These practices are as follows: Personal values sensitization Emotional Intelligence Sense Make-Give Mindful of Impact Access Capability Create Learning Cultural Competence Total Leadership One-to-many Dialogues One-to-one dialogue Performance Challenge Agility Resilience The major gap in the leadership process of Singapore Airlines was found in managing the performance challenges, agility resilience, create learning, and cultural competence. As an agile leader, it is important to deal with people from diverse cultural background. In order to cope with the future opportunities, the leader needs to realize the interests of the other people and try to find the process of motivating them in different ways. It would help the leaders in ensuring productive outcome for the operations success. The leaders need to focus more on the specific issues that are preventing the workforce from developing the knowledge regarding the innovative business practices. An agile leader possesses the democratic trait, which determines the consultation with other people during any decision-making process. During any conflicting scenario, they need to be communicative towards the associated workers. Taking the performance challenge is necessary for a leader to deal with the har dships and accomplishing goals in spite of such difficulties. In the further section of the study, the discussion of the agile leadership practices would be discussed. Development Plan The case scenario follows the issues with the leadership consistency, which affects the performance parameter of the associated workforce. The obtained ideas from the above scenario describe the needs for the effective development plan that would direct the workforce towards achieving the organisational goals. It is to be stated that the individuals are involved in transformation in which undertaking the unique initiative is necessary. Singapore is a culturally diverse country where the people from different culture collaborate to perform the organizational functionalities. The development plan for the agile leadership is based on the following activities: Development Plan Leadership Agility Skills What needs to be done Involved People Tracking Progress 1. Development of Flexibility An agile leader requires being flexible enough to deal with the different circumstances that may occur at any point of time. It is essential for the business leaders of Singapore Airlines to maintain such flexibility to motivate the associated workforce from different cultural background. Moreover, the leaders need to train the employees in order to make them more adaptive to this dynamic business scenario. Internal Survey to receive feedback from the employees 2. Dealing with the Transformer Leaders The transformer leaders are the ones who have the capability of dealing with the workforce belong to diverse cultural background. While adopting the innovative technicalities for strengthening the competitive position in current business scenario. The business leaders of Singapore Airlines have to be much Test of the technical knowledge of the employees 3. Development of the learning scenario An agile leader needs to focus on the drawback and accordingly fulfill the gap. Therefore, it is essential for the leaders to develop a learning scenario for the employees and enhance their knowledge about the business technicalities. The business leaders of Singapore Airlines Allocation of the dynamic works to the employees once a week Table 1: Development Plan (Source: Created by the Author) The agile leaders have to be much cautious about the scenario and uncertainties. As a leader, it is necessary to be more cautious while conveying the messages to the people. It is essential for an agile leader to recognize whether the messages are heard or understood by the people. If not, it is the prime responsibility to improve the understanding regarding the potential drawbacks. While working under the dynamic and culturally diverse environment, there is the possibility of the situational conflicts. An agile leader focuses beyond the possibilities and improves the work practices to deal with such uncertainties (Lichtenstein and Aitken 2014). The case scenario depicts that the challenges posed by the competitive environment is responsible for the downfall in the organisational revenues. On the other hand, the current competitive scenario is mostly driven by the innovations and improved technicalities. The following improvements would help in creating the productive atmosphere in t he business field. In order to improve the performance parameter of the associated workers, it is important to provide them the proper learning session or training. In this training session, they would learn about utilization of latest technologies and digital innovative practices. The leaders need to conduct the internal survey to receive feedback from the employees about their issues and concerns. The leaders need to arrange the weekly meeting to communicate with the associated workers and updating them about the latest requirements in the technological aspects. The establishment of the communicational transparency would be beneficial enough to promote a multicultural environment within the organization. Identification of the training needs is also one of the most necessary aspects that are needed to be taken into consideration. The above initiatives are needed to be taken into account in order to improve the leadership agility in Singapore Airline. The progress report is needed to be monitored every week to derive the ideas about the further improvements. This process would be much helpful in developing the leadership values and driving the organization towards success in this competitive market. Conclusion The study develops the idea about the agile leadership followed by the case study of Singapore Airline, which has been experiencing the greater downfall in economic structure. It has been observed that in spite of the transformational leadership skills, the business leaders could not retain the consistency in managing the dynamic workforce. The leaders are responsible towards developing the workforce talents and direct them to accomplish the organisational goals. These leaders have the stronger ability to maintain communication transparency for sharing visions and inspiring others to ensure productive outcome Furthermore, the excessive competitive scenario is also posing some recognizable challenges. The study develops the basic leadership traits that would be helpful for becoming a successful agile leader and ensuring productive outcome in upcoming future. Developing the agile leadership would turn out to be much profitable for Singapore Airlines in the upcoming future. References Anthony, S.D. 2012. The New Corporate Garage: where todays most innovative and world changing thinking is taking place. Harvard Business Review, September, pp.3-11. Bennis, W.G. and Thomas, R.J. 2002. Crucibles of Leadership. Harvard Business Review, September, HBR Centreforaviation.com. 2014.Singapore Airlines SWOT: challenges continue as competition intensifies as shown by 1QFY2015 results. [online] CAPA - Centre for Aviation. Available at: https://centreforaviation.com/insights/analysis/singapore-airlines-swot-challenges-continue-as-competition-intensifies-as-shown-by-1qfy2015-results-180289 [Accessed 29 Jan. 2018]. Chatman, J.A., Caldwell, D.F., OReilly, C.A.and Doerr, B. 2014. Parsing organizational culture: How the norm for adaptability influences the relationship between culture consensus and financial performance in high-technology firms. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/job.1928. Doz, Y.L. and Kosonen, M. 2009. Embedding Strategic Agility. Long Range Planning, Elsevier Kempster, S. 2006. Leadership learning through lived experience: A process of apprenticeship? Journal of Management and Organisation, June, 12, 1, pp.4-22 Kempster, S., Jackson, B. and Conroy, M. 2011. Leadership as purpose: Exploring the role of purpose in leadership practice. Leadership, 7(3), pp.317-334 Lichtenstein, S. and Aitken, P. 2014. The Values Challenge for Developing Ethical Leadership: Research and Practice Agenda for Values-Based Leadership, 6th Developing Leadership Capacity Conference, Lancaster University Management School, July 7-9. (unpublished). Lord, R.G. and Hall, R.J. 2005. Identity, deep structure and the development of leadership skill. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(4), pp. 591-615, Elsevier McKenzie, J. and Aitken, P. 2012. Learning to lead the knowledgeable organization: Developing leadership agility. Strategic HR Review, Vol. 11, 6, pp. 329-334. Nowak, M. A. 2012. Evolution: why we help. Scientific American, July, pp.20-25 Porter, M.E. and Cramer, M.R. 2011. Creating Shared Value. Harvard Business Review, (Jan-Feb), pp. 62-77 Raelin, J. 2004. Dont bother putting leadership into people. Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 131-135 Raelin, J. 2011. From leadership-as-practice to leaderful practice. Leadership, 7(2), pp. 195-211, Sage Sveningson, S. and Larsson, M. 2006. Fantasies of Leadership: Identity Work. Leadership, 2(2), pp. 203-224, Sage The Straits Times. 2017.SIA has lost market share and needs new strategy. [online] Available at: https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/sia-has-lost-market-share-and-needs-new-strategy [Accessed 29 Jan. 2018].

Michael Ondatjee Essay Example

Michael Ondatjee Essay Bearhug by Michael Ondaatje Griffin calls to come and kiss him goodnight I yell ok. Finish something Im doing, then something else, walk slowly round the corner to my sons room. He is standing arms outstretched waiting for a bearhug. Grinning. Why do I give my emotion an animals name, give it that dark squeeze of death? This is the hug which collects all his small bones and his warm neck against me. The thin tough body under the pyjamas locks to me like a magnet of blood. How long was he standing there ike that, before I came? Application For A Driving License by Michael Ondaatje Two birds loved in a flurry of red feathers like a burst cottonball, continuing while I drove over them. I am a good driver, nothing shocks me. (Inner Tube) by Michael Ondaatje On the warm July river head back upside down river for a roof slowly paddling towards an estuary between trees theres a dog learning to swim near me friends on shore my head dips back to the eyebrow Im the prow on an ancient vessel, t his afternoon Im going down to Peru soul between my teeth a blue heron with its awkward broken backed flap upside down one of us is wrong he his blue grey thud thinking he knows the blue way out of here or me I choose this poet because of his outstanding work in poetry. Michael Ondaatje is a great poet because of his work and the way he expresses emotion through his poetry. I have recognized that there is a lot of animals in his poems, think this is either due to his love for animals or him simply describing the beauty in nature. We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Ondatjee specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Ondatjee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Michael Ondatjee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A quote from one of his poems is â€Å"there’s a dog learning to swim near me on the shore. † I think that Michaels work is outstanding in comparison to other poets. Throughout Michaels work there is a use of many themes such as nature is beautiful and things aren’t as they seem. I think me and this poet are related in ways because we both have the same love for animals and if I am given this poet I can help you more easily understand his perspective through mine.

Use of Language in the Context of The Caucasian Chalk Circle Essays

Use of Language in the Context of The Caucasian Chalk Circle Essays Use of Language in the Context of The Caucasian Chalk Circle Paper Use of Language in the Context of The Caucasian Chalk Circle Paper Essay Topic: Literature The first use of language is that of the narrative language. This is used through out the performance by a character called the singer. Even though he is given a character name he does not exist throughout the play other than narrating. The first example is on page 9 at the start of scene 2. The narrator first says once upon a time which shows this is a story being told in a past tense. The narrator sets the scene for the Governor and his wife His name was Georgi Abashvilli. The scene is then set telling us about the revolution, which is taking place at this time. He tells us this by referring to deaths a time of bloodshed. He then sets the scene of the Governors past lifestyle before the revolution. We know he is describing before the revolution as he says once upon a time after each sentence. I believe this is narrated by a singer because Brecht uses techniques which let the audience know that they are actors in a role and so the audience do not believe the characters are real. He does this as he believes acting is telling a story and that the audience must know this. He does this successfully with the narrator. This is a Brectian technique which relates to alienation. This technique also gives the audience chance to become critical themselves of the performance and decide what the characters are feeling. The singer is quite a loud, over the top exaggerated character and shows this through the style of acting used. Brecht often uses exaggerated characteristics (the guest) as part of his style of writing. In this use of language Brecht also uses the narrator to use a rhetorical question. This shows the narrator is on his own and simply talking to an audience not another character. This is affective to alienation as it is showing that the narrator is telling a story not acting. When we did this work for our practical we dressed the narrator in plain black clothes so they did not looked dressed as a character. We used the technique of the guest and the narrator was very exaggerated in what he said nd told it like a story teller. He was stood centre stage and faced the audience. We used spotlight to highlight him. He also used hand movements towards the audience so they knew he was talking to them. A second piece of language is that of Simon and Grusha. I chose this one and they use subtext and metaphoric language. Subtext is trying to get across one meaning but saying another which is metaphoric. This is in scene 4 at the bottom of page 57 when Simon enters. Simon first uses subtext when he says to Grusha The door is still on its hinges? As they say. This means have you remained faithful and are still open to me but she is not. She then replays my name is no longer when it was. Simon doesnt understand then she replies When do women change their names Simon? which shows she can not tell him straight. She tries to explain she is unfaithful by name but not in bed but Simon fails to understand this and then sees Michael. Grusha then says How could I hide it? like it is her child and she says this like she was lying and it is hers but in the same sentence she says dont let it worry you it is not mine. This is acted by the character in a confused way. It is not easily understood by the audience so is helped to be understood by the narrator who every so often tells the story. Another use of metaphoric language, or proverbs, that are used at the end of the play between Azdak and Simon when they are arguing. When the horse was shod, the horsefly stretched out his leg. Which means when the horse has a new shoe, the horsefly stretches out his leg for one to. This, to the story, means that the poor take from the rich. Azdak then replies Better a treasure in the sewer than a stone in the mountain stream. This means that the governors wife may be lying but he believes it is better to pay for justice than justice itself. They then have a metaphoric argument as if to argue they are trying to prove themselves. When we performed this piece, the actors used sarcastic voices to show that it was metaphoric and meant something else. A third piece of language is the monologue which Grusha uses to talk to Michael. Firstly she sings to Michael which shows the Brectian technique of alienation again as in a real world the actors would not sing like this. She sings about Simon as it is referred to the battles. She says She then says dont throw yourself in at the front line. This is referred to Simon Chachava as she wants him to come home to her. She then says gives tips of how she wants Simon to fight so he comes home to he in front is red fire, in the rear is red smoke, stay wisely in between, as the first ones always die and the last ones are also hit, those in the centre come home. She then talks to Michael in a monologue. In this monologue she says to Michael that they much make themselves really small, like cockroaches. This is a metaphor to how she feels as she feels small and wants to escape the fact that the sister-in-law does not want her there. She then tells Michael not to cry because of the cold as being poor and cold as well puts people off. She says this as she doesnt want to look poor and wants to be respected as a person with a child without being questioned all the time.

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones

Houses Made from Mammoth Bones Mammoth bone dwellings are a very early type of housing constructed by Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in central Europe during the Late Pleistocene. A mammoth (Mammuthus primogenus, and also known as Woolly Mammoth) was a type of enormous ancient now-extinct elephant, a hairy large-tusked mammal that stood ten feet tall as an adult. Mammoths roamed most of the world, including the continents of Europe and North America, until they died out at the end of the Pleistocene. During the late Pleistocene, mammoths provided meat and skin for human hunter-gatherers, fuel for fires, and, in some cases during the Upper Paleolithic of central Europe, as building materials for houses. A mammoth bone dwelling is typically a circular or oval structure with walls made of stacked large mammoth bones  often modified to allow them to be lashed together or implanted into the soil. Within the interior is typically found a central hearth or several scattered hearths. The hut is generally surrounded by numerous large pits, full of mammoth and other animal bones. Ashy concentrations with flint artifacts appear to represent middens; many of the mammoth bone settlements have a preponderance of ivory and bone tools. External hearths, butchering areas, and flint workshops are often found in association with the hut: scholars call these combinations Mammoth Bone Settlements (MBS). Dating mammoth bone dwellings has been problematic. The earliest dates were between 20,000 and 14,000 years ago, but most of these have been re-dated to between 14,000-15,000 years ago. However, the oldest known MBS is from the Molodova site, a Neanderthal Mousterian occupation located on the Dniester River of Ukraine, and dated some 30,000 years earlier than most of the known Mammoth Bone Settlements. Archaeological Sites There is considerable debate about many of these sites, leading to more confusion about how many mammoth bone huts have been identified. All have massive amounts of mammoth bone, but the debate for some of them centers on whether the bone deposits include mammoth-bone structures. All of the sites date to the Upper Paleolithic period (Gravettian or Epi-Gravettian), with the sole exception of Molodova 1, which dates to the Middle Stone Age and is associated with Neanderthals. Penn State archaeologist  Pat Shipman  has provided additional sites (and the map) to include in this list, which includes some very dubious attributions: Ukraine:  Molodova 5,  Molodova I,  Mezhirich, Kiev-Kirillovskii, Dobranichevka, Mezin,  Ginsy,  Novgorod-seversky,  Gontsy, Pushkari, RadomyshlCzech Republic:  Predmosti,  Dolni Vestonice, Vedrovice 5, Milovice GPoland:  Dzierzyslaw, Krakow-Spadzista Street BRomania:  Ripiceni-IzvorRussia:  Kostenki I, Avdeevo, Timonovka, Elisseevich, Suponevo,  YudinovoBelarus: Berdyzh Settlement Patterns In the Dnepr river region of Ukraine, numerous mammoth bone settlements have been found and recently re-dated to the epi-Gravettian between 14,000 and 15,000 years ago. These mammoth bone huts are typically located on old river terraces, above and within a ravine trending down to a slope overlooking the river. This type of location is believed to have been a strategic one, as it is placed in the path or near the pathway of what would have been migrating animal herds between the steppe plain and the riverside. Some mammoth bone dwellings are isolated structures; others have up to six dwellings, although they may not have been occupied at the same time. Evidence for contemporaneity of dwelling has been identified by refits of tools: for example, at  Mezhirich  in Ukraine, it appears that at least three dwellings were occupied at the same time. Shipman (2014) has argued that sites such as Mezhirich and others with mega-deposits of mammoth bone (known as mammoth mega-sites) were made possible by the introduction of dogs as hunting partners,   Mammoth Bone Hut Dates Mammoth bone dwellings are not the only or first type of house:  Upper Paleolithic  open-air houses are found as pit-like depressions excavated into the subsoil or based with stone rings or postholes, like that seen at Pushkari or  Kostenki. Some UP houses are partly built of bone and partly of stone and wood, such as Grotte du Reine, France. Sources Demay L, Pà ©an S, and Patou-Mathis M. 2012.  Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4,   Quaternary International  276-277:212-226. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019Molodova I (Ukraine).Gaudzinski S, Turner E, Anzidei AP, lvarez-Fernndez E, Arroyo-Cabrales J, Cinq-Mars J, Dobosi VT, Hannus A, Johnson E, Mà ¼nzel SC et al. 2005.  The use of Proboscidean remains in every-day Palaeolithic life.  Quaternary International  126–128(0):179-194. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.04.022Germonprà © M, Sablin M, Khlopachev GA, and Grigorieva GV. 2008. Possible evidence of mammoth hunting during the Epigravettian at Yudinovo, Russian Plain.  Journal of Anthropological Archaeology  27(4):475-492. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2008.07.003Iakovleva L, and Djindjian F. 2005.  New data on Mammoth bone settlements of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Gontsy site (Ukraine).  Quaternary International   126–128:195-207.Iakovleva L, Djindjian F, Maschenko EN, Konik S, and Moigne AM. 2012.  The late Upper Palaeolithic site of Gontsy (Ukraine): A reference for the reconstruction of the   Quaternary International  255:86-93. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2011.10.004hunter–gatherer system based on a mammoth economy. Iakovleva LA, and Djindjian F. 2001. New data on mammoth bone dwellings of Eastern Europe in the light of the new excavations of the Ginsy site (Ukraine). Paper given at the World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome 2001Marquer L, Lebreton V, Otto T, Valladas H, Haesaerts P, Messager E, Nuzhnyi D, and Pà ©an S. 2012.  Charcoal scarcity in Epigravettian settlements with mammoth bone dwellings: the taphonomic evidence from Mezhyrich (Ukraine).  Journal of Archaeological Science  39(1):109-120.Pà ©an S. 2010. Mammoth and subsistence practices during the Mid Upper Palaeolithic of Central Europe (Moravia, Czech Republic). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, and Palombo MR, editors.  The World of Elephants - Proceedings of the 1st International Congress.  Rome: Consiglio Nazionale  delle  Ricerche. p 331-336.Shipman P. 2015.  The Invaders: How Humans and Their Dogs Drove Neanderthals to Extinction. Harvard: Cambridge.Shipman P. 2014.  How do you kill 86 mammoths ? Taphonomic investigations of mammoth   Quaternary International  (in press). 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.04.048megasites. Svoboda J, Pà ©an S, and Wojtal P. 2005.  Mammoth bone deposits and subsistence practices during Mid-Upper Palaeolithic in Central Europe: three cases from Moravia and Poland.  Quaternary International  126–128:209-221.Wojtal P, and Sobczyk K. 2005.  Man and  woolly  mammoth at the Krakà ³w Spadzista Street (B) – taphonomy of the site.  Journal of Archaeological Science  32(2):193-206. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2004.08.005

A Brief Literature Review Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Brief Literature Review - Coursework Example Biomedical discipline has recognized the significance of drawing on the wide learning potential derived from qualitative research (Black, 1994). Qualitative research has a big contribution in the fields of medicine, health and public health (Merriam et al. 40). A good qualitative research is one that went through the following 6 steps; 2. Background literature review: it helps one to find out what other people have found out concerning the question. It helps you to be well informed and be more specific about the topic. It also helps one to determine if there is need for the question to be answered (Seidman, Irving 27). Debate and guidance around the quality of qualitative research has often been overshadowed by a kind of ‘disciplinary tribalism’ (Pawson, 2001) whereby polemic debate between quantitative vs qualitative theory the needs of practitioners trying to apply its findings.When one plans to asses the evaluation studies through qualitative study methods in social work, it is imperative that the question of criteria to be used to evaluate the related research studies is critical ( Seale, 2002). In public health it helpful since it does not only answer the research question of how something works but also why it is working. The department of health in 2004 reframed health in the context of its wider economic, social and cultural determinants. The parallel developments of evidence based practice and model of health improvement constitute the determinants at large of health as created by gulf between the significance of addressing health related inequalities and the critical evidenc e to help inform the practice. This translates into a mismatch between increasing multi-disciplinary models of health policy (Davey-Smith, Ebrahim, & Frankel, 2001) and a continued reliance on models of bio medically foccused evidence, emphatic on experiment concepts and attachmnt to attribution. Furthermore, alot translats to